Title

Hot Hand Warmers

Broad Question

How does the amount of air affect how hot hand get?

Specific Question

Does the amount air affect how hot hand warmers get?

Hypothesis

It is hypothesized that the more air the hand warms will get hotter it will become.

Graph of Hypothesis

Hypothesis graph

Variables

Independent Variable:

The amount of air (holes)

Dependent Variable:

The temperature of the hand warmers (Celsius)

Variables That Need To Be Controlled:

-Same brand of hand warmers
- Same brand of plastic bags
-Put thermometer in same place every time
-Used same computer
-Used same IPad
-Same amount of shaking
-Same place you put the thermometer
-Same thermometer
-Same hand putting it in

Vocabulary List That Needs Explanation

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General Plan:

Potential Problems And Solutions

-You could burn yourself
-Can't count air
-temperature change a lot

Safety Or Environmental Concerns

A safety concern would be possible burns and there are no more.

Experimental Design

Before you started the experiment, take 20 clear plastic bags and 20 hand warmers and laid them out on a flat surface. Take the hand warmers and put them in the bags with different amount of holes. Take a thermometer and measured the temperature of the hand warmers. Take the information and put them on a spreadsheet. Find the mean of the hand warmer. The mean tells us the average temperature of the hand warmers.

Resources and Budget Table

Item	Number needed	Where I will get this	Cost
Little Hottie Hand warmers	20	provided by JBES	0
thermometer	2	provided by JBES	0
school computer	1	provided by JBES	0
School IPad	1	provided by JBES	0
Clear plastic bag	20	provided by JBES	0
#2 Pencil	1	provided by JBES	0

Detailed Procedure

1. Gather Material (hand warmers, thermometer, hole puncher, clear plastic bags)
2.Take a pack of hand warmers open just one
3.Take the hole puncher and put 2 holes in a clear plastic bag
4.Put one of the hand warmers in a clear plastic bag (ziplock style)
Close the bag so that air only comes out of the 2 holes that you made with a hole puncher or anything that makes holes
5.Take a picture of the bag
6. Take a thermometer and measure the center of the warmer to see how hot it is (hold it there for 2mins.)
7. Record the maximum temperature
8. Repeat all of the steps until there is 10 holes in the bag

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Data Table

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Data Analysis

Graphs

Mean Graph of average temperature of hand warmers

Data Graph

Photos

Packaging of hand warmers

hand warmers and thermometer

Results

The average temperature for 2 holes in the bag is 35 degrees Celsius. In the bag with 4 holes the average temperature was 34 degrees Celsius. For the bag with 6’s holes in it the average temperature is 38 degrees Celsius. In the bag with 8 holes the average temperature is 41 degrees Celsius. The bag with the most holes in it which was 10 average temperature was 42 degrees Celsius.

Conclusion

An experiment was set up to see if the different amount of holes affected the temperature of the hand warmers.The results showed that the more holes the hotter the hand warmers gets. The average temperature of the bag with the most holes was 42 degrees Celsius. The bag with 4 holes had them least average temperature which was 34 degrees Celsius.

Discussion

The experiment question was "Does the amount of air affect how hot a hand warmer gets?" The answer to the experiment question was yes the amount of air does affect how hot hand warmers get. It had been hypothesized that the more air, the hotter the hand warmers get. The hypothesis was supported by the outcome of the Experiment. The results showed that average temperature for 2 holes in the bag is 35 degrees Celsius. In the bag with 4 holes the average temperature was 34 degrees Celsius. For the bag with 6’s holes in it the average temperature is 38 degrees Celsius. In the bag with 8 holes the average temperature is 41 degrees Celsius. The bag with the most holes in it which was 10 average temperature was 42 degrees Celsius. It showed that the bag with 4 holes had the least temperature. The bag with the 10 hole had the maximum temperature which was 42 degrees Celsius.

A trend that was noticed during the trials was that the results came out between the forties and thirties. An observation would be that the temperature of the hand warmers changed frequently. The relationship between the independent variable and dependent variable is strong. And the only changes were when the amount of air holes increased. The temperature changed frequently. There was no patterned that were showed in the experiment. The results happened because the more air the hotter the hot warmers get. It got hotter because the air inside it helps the heat flow. There are precious experiment that have to do with the affect of how hot the hand warmer get. The research said that the air would affect the temperature. It was showed in the experiment that the research was true.

A challenge that was managed in the design was the thermometer spiking and not staying in one spot for a moment. Another problem was getting the hole puncher to poke a hole in the clear plastic bag easy. You can fix all the problems except for the thermometer spiking. The hole punch problem can just be fixed by using a larger sized hole punch, or by using a different tool. There was no special technology needed to conduct experiment. This knowledge can be used to help skiers because usually the hand warmers lose their heat because of how little air gets into the gloves. With the information from this experiment now skiers can let shake the hand warmer before putting it in the glove. If they shake the hand warmers for 2 minutes it will keep the heat longer in the glove. A new question that could be was for an other experiment is "What is inside a hand warmer that keeps the heat in?"

Background Research

The first type of hand warmer often used is the air-activated hand warmer. These generate heat through a process known as oxidation. Once the package seal that they are purchased in is broken, the air that makes its way into the pack enters through the tiny perforated holes in the warming bag itself. The air molecules react with the iron in the hand warmer bag and form iron oxide, otherwise known as rust. The bag is designed to trap any moisture, keeping the user's hands dry, while an ingredient called vermiculite holds the heat in and prevents it from leaving the site of the reaction. Conversely, to disperse this heat throughout the pack material, carbon is often added as well. Salt is often included for its catalyzing properties in producing instant heat. To fill the remaining space in the bag, cellulose is often used as an inert ingredient, along with charcoal and sometimes sawdust.



Read more: http://www.livestrong.com/article/68288-hand-warmers-work/#ixzz2PsG10w7J

Read more: http://www.livestrong.com/article/68288-hand-warmers-work/#ixzz2PsFfPA2F

Read more: http://www.livestrong.com/article/68288-hand-warmers-work/#ixzz2PsETlmyA

References

Works Cited
"5-Minute Project: Hand Warmers." Popular Science. 25 Mar. 2013 <http://www.popsci.com/diy/article/2012-02/5-minute-project-hand-warmers>.
"FAQ - Reusable Hand Warmers." FAQ -HotSnapZ Hand Warmers. 25 Mar. 2013 <https://hotsnapz.com/FAQ.html>.
Lynn, Maggie. "How Hand Warmers Work." LIVESTRONG.COM. 25 Mar. 2013 <http://www.livestrong.com/article/68288-hand-warmers-work/>.

Abstract

The experiment was designed to show how the amount of air affected how hot hand warmers get. It was hypothesized that the more air the hotter the hand warmers get. Using the Little Hottie hand warmer and putting them in clear plastic bag with different amount of holes in them was measured with a thermometer. The average temperature was measured with a thermometer. The average temperature with the bag with 10 holes was 42 and the bag with 4 holes had 34. It was found that the more air the hotter the hand warmers get.